Bronchiolitis is a common viral respiratory infection that primarily affects infants and young children, usually under the age of two. It causes inflammation and congestion in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs, making it difficult for the baby to breathe. This condition is often confused with bronchitis, but it is a different illness that requires careful monitoring, especially in babies. In this article, we’ll explore the symptoms, how to recognize bronchiolitis, treatment options, and what to expect in terms of hospitalisation and recovery.
Spotting symptoms of bronchiolitis in babies
The symptoms of bronchiolitis often start out like a common cold, but can worsen over time as the infection progresses into the lower respiratory tract. Common signs to look for include:
- Runny nose: Typically the first sign, accompanied by mild coughing.
- Coughing: The cough may worsen, becoming more persistent and wet-sounding.
- Rapid or labored breathing: Babies may breathe quickly or struggle to breathe.
- Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling sound when exhaling, caused by narrow airways.
- Fever: Some babies may have a mild fever, but it’s not always present.
- Poor feeding: Babies with bronchiolitis often have difficulty feeding or show less interest in eating.
- Fatigue: The baby may seem more tired or lethargic than usual.
- Hollowing of the ribs: Also known as retractions, this occurs when the skin between or under the ribs pulls in with each breath due to the difficulty in breathing.
If your baby shows any of these symptoms, especially difficulty breathing or retractions, it’s essential to seek medical attention immediately.
How long does bronchiolitis last?
Bronchiolitis typically lasts about one to two weeks, with symptoms peaking around the third or fourth day. In most cases, the baby will start to improve within the second week, although the cough may linger for a few more weeks. The early stages are the most concerning, as breathing difficulties tend to intensify.
How long does the baby need to be hospitalised?
In some cases, bronchiolitis can be severe enough to require hospitalisation, particularly if the baby is struggling to breathe or has low oxygen saturation levels. Hospitalisation may be necessary if:
- The baby is not able to maintain adequate oxygen levels.
- They have severe difficulty feeding and are becoming dehydrated.
- The baby is showing signs of respiratory distress, such as retractions or flaring nostrils.
The duration of hospitalisation varies depending on the severity of the condition, but most babies stay in the hospital for about two to five days. During this time, they may receive oxygen therapy, fluids via IV, and monitoring to ensure their condition improves.
How to treat bronchiolitis at home
Most cases of bronchiolitis can be managed at home with supportive care. Here’s how to help your baby recover:
- Keep them hydrated: Offer small, frequent feedings to keep your baby hydrated. If breastfeeding, continue to do so as much as possible.
- Clear the nasal passages: Use saline drops and a nasal aspirator to clear the baby’s nose, making it easier for them to breathe and feed.
- Elevate the head: Slightly elevating your baby’s head while they sleep may help reduce congestion.
- Humidify the air: A cool mist humidifier can help keep the airways moist and make breathing easier.
- Monitor breathing: Keep an eye on your baby’s breathing, and seek medical help if they show signs of worsening.
When to seek medical help
It’s important to contact your pediatrician if your baby:
- Is breathing very fast or difficultly.
- Is less than 3 months old and has a fever.
- Shows signs of dehydration, such as fewer wet diapers or dark yellow, strong-smelling pee
- Has blue lips or a bluish tint to the skin (cyanosis).
- Is becoming lethargic or difficult to wake up.
Bronchiolitis vs. Bronchitis
While bronchiolitis and bronchitis sound similar, they are distinct conditions. Bronchitis affects the larger airways (bronchi) and is more common in older children and adults. It is usually caused by viruses or bacteria and leads to coughing with mucus production.
Bronchiolitis, on the other hand, affects the smaller airways (bronchioles) and is more common in babies and toddlers. It is most often caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and while the symptoms also include coughing and wheezing, the small airways become obstructed, making breathing difficult.
Managing your baby’s recovery well
Bronchiolitis is a serious illness in infants, especially during the early stages when breathing difficulties can escalate. While most cases are mild and can be treated at home, it’s crucial to monitor your baby closely for signs of respiratory distress. If your baby’s oxygen saturation drops or they exhibit severe symptoms, hospitalisation may be necessary for close monitoring and treatment. With appropriate care and attention, most babies recover fully within a few weeks.
